Further, PKC is also involved in epilepsy, as evidenced that PKC is markedly increased in the hippocampus of epileptic rats [24], and an AED treatment significantly up-regulates AC, cAMP, and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus of epileptic rats, compared with the untreated epilepsy group [25]. Here, CREB1 is linked to epilepsy.