In particular, four arrhythmic epilepsy-related genes involved in the cAMP signaling and serotonergic synapse pathways, including Bdnf (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor), Gli3 (GLI-Kruppel family member GLI3), Htr2a (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A), and Gabrb1 (GABA receptor A subunit β1), are up-regulated in TLE mice (Figure S1C). This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and epilepsy.