Vitamin D deficiency, through decreased SIRT1 level, led to increased fat deposition in adipocytes and macrophage infiltration parallel with increased proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and TNFα as well as decreased PGC1α, an important molecular partner of the SIRT1/PGC1α antioxidant pathway [12,95]. Here, PPARGC1A is linked to vitamin D deficiency.