TIMP2 was downregulated by LMHFV in the AF (0.26 ± 0.19-fold, p < 0.01) and upregulated by E2 in the NP (3.0 ± 1.4-fold, p < 0.05) compared to the control, while combined treatment significantly attenuated these effects (p < 0.05; Figure 3H). Here, TIMP2 is linked to atrial fibrillation.