In comparison to the control group, MMP3 was slightly downregulated by AF cells stimulated with LMHFV (0.48 ± 0.37-fold, p = 0.062) and upregulated by NP cells cultured with E2 medium supplementation (13 ± 10-fold, p = 0.062; Figure 3E). This evidence concerns the gene MMP3 and atrial fibrillation.