HSPA4 and infection: A substantial amount of evidence has suggested that HSP70 genes not only play crucial roles in promoting protein folding and proteostasis [4,9], the degradation of misfolded proteins [10], the membrane translocation of proteins [5], and the prevention of deleterious protein aggregation [11] and other cell-protective biological processes, but also exhibit essential functions in response to diverse environmental stresses (such as heat [12], hypoxia [13], pathogen infection [14], and heavy metal and organochlorine exposure [15]), physiological stress [16], and the immune response [17].