TLR8 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For example, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells released exosomal miR-21 and miR-29a, which activated NF-κ B by binding to TLR7 and TLR8 in macrophages, and eventually led to increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and TNF-α), thus promoting the formation of inflammatory environment at tumor metastasis sites [41].