CD8A and neoplasm: Although pre-clinical trials showed an increase in CD8+ T cell infiltration and the upregulation of immunologic memory markers on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), clinical trials with nivolumab such as CheckMate143 (NCT02017717) [171], CheckMate 498 (NCT02617589) and CheckMate 548 (NCT02667587) [172] failed to meet the desired OS in patients.