Cancer-associated MSCs suppress the response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in ovarian cancer through the expression of CCL2, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1), TGFβ1, recruitment of C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR)2+ monocytes and M2 tumor-associated macrophages [158]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.