Pancreatic cancer CAF heterogeneity is exemplified by the presence of two subpopulations, one with elevated αSMA located immediately adjacent to neoplastic cells in mouse and human cancer tissue, which produces a desmoplastic reaction, and another subpopulation of αSMA- CAFs more distant from cancer cells that secrete IL-6 and other inflammatory mediators [66]. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.