CXCR4 and lung cancer: Ko et al. showed that rats treated with lung cancer patient-derived circulating MVs exhibited a significantly higher microvascular count, more CXCR4+ (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4) and VEGF+ (vascular endothelial growth factor) cells, and accelerated growth of pulmonary-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma [31].