GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype): While HbE/β patients with Cd 41/42 (-TTCT) (β0), IVS 1-5 (G>C) (β+), and Cd 17 (A>T) (β0) have mild anaemia (Hb: 89.2 g/dL; MCV:80.2 fl) with thrombocytosis (467 × 109/L) and leukocytosis (10.93 × 109/L) compared to patients with novel mutations, including the codon 26 (GAG>AAG) HbE (βE) mutation and (β0)-thalassaemia Filipino ~45 kb deletion; IVS 1-2 (T>C) (β0) with 26 (GAG>AAG) HbE (βE); Cd 41/42 (-TTCT); and IVS 1-5 (G>C) (β+) with Cd 26 (G>A).