These ever-smoker LUADs in which smoking mutagenesis was not detected harboured an enrichment for EGFR driver mutations (Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.003, odds ratio (OR) = 11.7) and either MET exon-14-skipping events or RET–ROS1–ALK oncogenic fusions (Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P = 0.002, OR = 15.6) compared with tumours with a clear smoking-related signature (high-confidence SBS4 detection; Fig. 2e, Extended Data Fig. 7d and Supplementary Note). Here, ROS1 is linked to neoplasm.