The proportion of solid pattern remained significantly associated with cancer cell expression of PD-L1 after adjustment for potential confounders, including stromal TILs and neoantigen burden (OR=1.23 [95%CI 1.11-1.38] per 10% increase, P = 3.3 × 10-5, ANOVA, Methods) (Extended Data Fig. 2i), suggesting that overexpression of PD-L1 in solid predominant tumours may be driven by cancer cell intrinsic characteristics, such as AKT-mTOR pathway activation19. Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.