A summary of the study workflow is presented in Fig. 1, while profiles of differential expression among the 14 m5C regulators, between controls and tests (CHP and IPF), are illustrated in Fig. 2A. We screened out a total of 12 significant m5C regulators (DNMT1, DNMT3A-3B, NSUN2-7, TET2, TRDMT1, YBX1) (Fig. 2B), and found that all of them were significantly downregulated in experimental tissues, relative to corresponding controls. This evidence concerns the gene TRDMT1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.