CCL5 and Parkinson disease: In addition, they discovered that in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) PD mouse model, the expression of RANTES and eotaxin was up-regulated in microglia cells of brain parenchyma, and confirmed that activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway is the most important regulatory pathway for inflammation in the upregulation of these two chemokines, because this pathway controlled the transcription and expression of proinflammatory factors such as RANTES and Eotaxin in many cells [81].