As TFE3 has been shown to bind to the promoter region of cytokines such as IL-6 and initiate their transcription46, we assessed the mRNA levels of IL-6, IFNβ, and TNF following infection of wild-type and Tfe3−/− cells with EHEC or ΔEhaF (Fig. 5i–k). Here, TFE3 is linked to infection.