JAK1 and glioma: Ruxolitinib, a specific JAK-1/2 inhibitor, enhances the replication and activity of VSV-IFNβ by antagonizing antiviral JAK/STAT signaling.278 A similar phenotype was shown in VSV-dM51-treated melanoma, where JAK-1/2 inhibition increased OV sensitivity.279 In VSV-treated glioma cell lines, blockade of IKK/NF-κB signaling by the NF-κB kinase (IKK) inhibitor TPCA-1 has been demonstrated to reduce type I IFN-mediated antiviral responses.280 Other drugs such as bortezomib,281 PI3K inhibitor BKM120,282 MEKi283 have been assessed for the capability to facilitate viral replication in virotherapies.