Preclinical studies have remarkably ameliorated the resistance by using TGF-β inhibitors, which provide inspiration for the modifications of OVs against tumor immunosuppression.209 In some studies, OVs are equipped with genes encoding TGF-β signaling pathway-related molecules to improve anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐CTLA‐4 responses,210,211 addressing the significance of ICB therapy in cancers of immune-desert phenotype. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.