IL15 and neoplasm: However, these results support the investigation of combinatorial immunotherapeutic approaches such as armoring CAR T cells to express recombinant cytokines78 (e.g., IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, or IL-18), concurrent treatment with immunomodulators (e.g., anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or anti-CTLA4), or tumor-directed radiotherapy to remodel the prostate cancer tumor microenvironment and enhance CAR T cell effector function.