Second, the BRFSS survey question of time since the last PSA testing did not distinguish between a PSA test for prostate cancer screening and a PSA test for prostate cancer monitoring or symptomatic noncancer prostate diseases, such as prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplastia.23 We attempted to account for this gap by filtering out respondents who have had a past or current prostate cancer diagnosis, but we were unable to parse out which respondents also had other prostate diseases that would prompt routine and longitudinal PSA monitoring. Here, KLK3 is linked to medical procedure.