In a separate study, we observed granulomas obtained from SIV/Mtb coinfected macaques early in the course of Mtb infection had immunologic differences compared to animals infected with Mtb alone, such as fewer CD4+ T cells, more CD8+ T cells, and elevated frequencies of PD-1+ and TIGIT+ T cells, indicative of chronic immune activation (44). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and Granuloma.