FUNDC1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Several experiments have now found that FUNDC1−/− mice develop more severe obesity and IR, MS, and myocardial remodelling, and that FUNDC1 deficiency leads to the inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis, MQC dysregulation and even cell death, suggesting an important role for FUNDC1 in the cardiac function of patients with obese MS.14, 22