One study showed bicarbonate supplementation improves insulin resistance (HOMA index) in individuals with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes34 while a three-month randomized control trial performed in nondiabetic older adults 50 years and above, who used bicarbonate supplementation to improve bone function, showed no improvement in insulin sensitivity or glucose control.35 These findings suggest a need for more research. This evidence concerns the gene INS and chronic kidney disease.