In non-HIV-infected patients, prevalence is 2–23%, whereas in PLWH a retrospective meta-analysis of 54 cohorts showed that the incidence of TB-IRIS in patients on ART treatment was 15.7%, with a mortality of 3.2%.32 Risk factors for a paradoxical response in PLWH include disseminated disease, lymphopenia or CD4 T-lymphocyte count <50/mm3 and a marked increase in lymphocyte count or suppression of HIV-RNA replication with ART. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is tuberculosis.