FBXO32 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Other conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure, which may result from PAH, induce the aforementioned skeletal muscle impairments, with increases in atrogin-1 (Bodine and Baehr, 2014; Yoshida and Delafontaine, 2015), pro-inflammatory cytokines (Barnes, 2016), reduced capillarization and increased number of type II muscle fibers (Jobin et al., 1998) and mitochondrial dysfunction (Mathur et al., 2014; Kinugawa et al., 2015).