SEMA3A and major depressive disorder: Matsuda et al. (2016) showed that SEMA3F knockout male mice show a reduced score in the social interaction test compared with controls, among multiple other neurological findings. In human psychopathology research, a GWAS study identified a risk variant in the SEMA3A gene associated with comorbid alcohol dependence and depression in African American participants (Zhou et al., 2017). For additional studies implicating chronic stress or MDD to changes in semaphorin signaling, please consult Table 1.