INS and cancer: The KD, a high-fat, low carbohydrate diet (56), may promote metabolic health and the prevention of cancer and other NCDs through a variety of mechanisms, including (1) reduced insulin levels; (2) enhanced oxidation of mitochondrial substrates leading to sustained mild elevation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant adaptation; and (3) specific antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (57).