Animal assays (179) showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus cell lysates enhanced the antitumor activity of anti-CTL antigen-4 blocking antibody (CTLA-4 mAb) in model mice, which was attributed to an increase in CD8+ T cells, an increase in effector memory T cells (CD44+CD8+CD62L+), and a decrease in Treg (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) and M2 macrophages (F4/80+CD206+) in the tumor microenvironment, along with a partial restoration of CRC-associated dysbiosis. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.