There are studies showing that people on a WD pattern exhibit a considerably higher Firmicutes : Bacteroidetes ratio, less antimicrobial paneth activity, higher concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukins (IL)-1β and IL-6 (29), and bacterial translocation leading to endotoxemia (30). Here, TNF is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.