TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, interferon γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and their interactions across different cell types are other contributors to ARDS development (6).