TNF is a pro‐inflammatory, proatherogenic compound, released by macrophage cells; it correlates positively with CKD severity and associates with higher cystatin C and UACR.77, 78, 79, 80The effects of TNF involve endothelial cell adhesion, ROS activation, increased albumin permeability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and necrosis.80Plays an active role in glomerular inflammation and fibrosis.79 Here, TNF is linked to chronic kidney disease.