IGF1R and diabetes mellitus: Moreover, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate is found to attenuate chronic inflammation and improve hyperinsulinemia by blocking the IGF/IGF-1R axis [37], insulin deficiency induces rat renal mesangial cell dysfunction by activating IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling [38], and the anti-fibrotic effects of berberine are associated with decreased myocardial IGF-1R in diabetes [39].