TNF and Takayasu arteritis: In addition, further evidence is required in order to confirm or not whether current treatment options for refractory Takayasu arteritis, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists, tocilizumab and tofacitinib,20–22 exert any cardio-protective effect in affected subjects, and if arterial stiffness mediates at some extent the observed cardio-protection.