NF-κB activation by tumor-secreted IL-1β induces the expression of ESE3 in PSCs, then epithelium-specific E-twenty six factor 3 (ESE3) binds to the promoters of α-SMA, collagen-I and IL-1β, activating PSCs and promoting PDAC fibrosis (92). The gene discussed is EHF; the disease is neoplasm.