VEGFA and neoplasm: Tumor cells overexpress VEGF-A, and the upregulated VEGF-A combines with its receptors on the vascular endothelial cell membrane (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) to form a complex, which transmits activation signals to the cascade reaction mediated by mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, inhibits proapoptotic proteins, leads to cell survival, mediates angiogenesis and lymph angiogenesis, and increases vascular permeability (Aziz et al., 2018; Li et al., 2022c).