Oral NPs-PEG-FA/6-shogaol can downregulate the proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and iNOS), upregulate the expression level of anti-inflammatory factors (Nrf-2 and HO-1), alleviate the colitis symptoms and accelerate the wound repair of DSS-induced colitis mice (Zhang et al., 2018). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.