TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Oral administration of the EVs derived from tea leaves can reduce the production of ROS, inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12), increase the anti-inflammatory activity of macrophages (IL-10), inhibit the inflammatory intestinal response, restore the damaged colon barrier, enhance the diversity and overall abundance of intestinal microbiota, and thus prevent or alleviate IBD and colitis related colon cancer.