INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In the ITT experiment, mice in the 200 mg/kg dose group showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels at 0, 15, 60, 90 and 120 min compared to the HFD-fed vehicle group, and mice in the 400 mg/kg dose group had significantly lower blood glucose values at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min than those in the HFD-fed vehicle group (Figure 2B), suggesting that PPL restored glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in NAFLD mice.