CD4 and Alzheimer disease: Additionally, p38 MAPK regulates the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells (Dodeller et al., 2005) and mediates the function of Th1 and Th17 cells and the production of their related cytokines (Rincón et al., 1998; Noubade et al., 2011), indicating that the inactivation of p38 MAPK by PEW (Figures 8A, B) may play a role in inhibiting Th1 and Th17 responses in AD (Figures 5, 6).