We recently reported that the differentially expressed genes and proteins in skeletal muscle of CKD subjects belong to 8 major biological and signalling pathways, namely apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signalling, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, muscle cell growth and differentiation, and protein turnover (19). The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.