Potential roles for TLR4 and LPS in the variable recognition of E. coli were further explored using outer membrane preparations from three motile isolates [3,398 (Pyl.-H1), 3,408 (cystitis-H1) and 3,412 (cystitis-H18)] (Supplementary Table S1), one non-motile isolate [3,416 (ABU (Mot−)] (Supplementary Table S2) and the two control strains NCTC10418 and CFT073 (Figure 4). Here, TLR4 is linked to chronic cystitis.