To further examine the link between a population of uro-associated E. coli and flagellar gene expression, a high copy number plasmid encoding flhDC was transformed into the control strain NCTC10418 and isolate 3,408 (Cystitis; 25% Fla+; 1.66 Fla+/cell; 0.19 relative IL-8 production: Supplementary Table S1) and RT4 urothelial cell challenge experiments performed. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and chronic cystitis.