As shown in Fig. 8h, i and Supplementary Fig. 31a–c, the ratio of CD8+ T cells/Tregs was increased to 8.42 and the percentage of CD69-positive CD8+ T cells was increased to 18.1% in NPSur-C9AP-treated melanoma, demonstrating that NPSur-C9AP efficiently enhanced the tumor infiltration and activation of CD8+ T cells. This evidence concerns the gene CD69 and melanoma.