In the sAD group, the average Aβ and amylin levels are not significantly increased compared to those in the non-AD group (one-way ANOVA, p > 0.05, Fig. 4, B and C), which appears to explain why amylin-Aβ hetero-oligomer levels are only significantly increased in patients with fAD, but not sAD, relative to non-AD patients (Fig. 4A). Here, IAPP is linked to familial Alzheimer disease.