ACE and chronic kidney disease: The updated 2021 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline for the management of blood pressure in CKD recommends renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi), either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), as the first-line antihypertensive agents for non-dialysis CKD patients with elevated BP to inhibit markedly increased renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) activity induced by renal insufficiency1,4,7.