VEGFA and glioblastoma: OVs expressing cytokines such as IL-12, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), chemotactic factor CCL19, and CD40L have been proved to effectively recruit and activate antigen presenting cells (APCs) and CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells and reduce the expression of TGF-β and VEGF, thus alleviating the immunosuppressive.381–386 Notably, interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) was overexpressed in 80% of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors.