AKI attack damages TECs, and subsequently induces the EMT program as well as the transformation of TECs into a pathological secretome [8, 56, 57], leading to the secretion of various proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [58], IL-4, and IL-10 [59]. Here, TNF is linked to acute kidney injury.