Reimann S et al performed real-time RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression of S100A4 in laser-microdissected intrapulmonary arteries of COPD patients, and data revealed S100A4 had an enhanced expression at both levels.[33] These findings were mirrored by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay analysis of S100A4 in the serum of patients with COPD.[34] Moreover, serum S100A4 was inversely related to pulmonary function among COPD patients. This evidence concerns the gene S100A4 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.