CAV1 and neoplasm: CCND1 might be a pivotal downstream target gene in EGFR-driven tumorigenesis and is up regulated in a variety of tumors,[21,22] including VSs.[23] CAV1 is a membrane protein that forms the coat of plasma membrane caveolae.[24] CAV1 may play an inhibitory role in some tumors, and the expression of CAV1 has been proved to be related with better prognosis in some tumor types.[25–27] Stromal CAV1 under-expression has also been associated with autophagy, hypoxia, and oxidative stress.[28,29] GLI1 encodes a member of the Kruppel family of zinc finger proteins.