CD4 and tuberculosis: This is because some studies treated PLWH as the primary patient population and evaluated respective subgroups (e.g., CD4 count strata28, migrant status26, country of birth25,32), while others included PLWH as one of several groups at risk for LTBI (e.g., close contacts of TB patients, migrants, vulnerable populations including homeless, drug users and former prisoners, and individuals with medical comorbidities27,31.