MTOR and glioma: It has also been reported that in most malignancies including glioma, the apoptotic pathway is usually inactivated by the activation of various pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to maintain tumorigenesis (Redza-Dutordoir and Averill-Bates, 2016).