Analysis of the immune infiltrate present in the tumour at the time of TURBT prior to treatment confirmed higher PD‐1 expression on tumour infiltrating lymphocytes relative to those in the periphery, suggesting a degree of pre‐existing immune cell exhaustion and supporting targeting PD‐1/PD‐L1 interactions as a way to augment anti‐tumour responses. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.