IFNA1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: The heterogeneous study population, however, consisting of both diffuse and focal manifestations of CNS NPSLE, could have limited the ability to draw any associations, particularly given that specific manifestations have shown associations with IFN-α – such as CSF levels with acute confusional state and SLE-induced psychosis, including reductions that mirror clinical improvement in the latter (90, 91).