In this context, the results of this study may be useful for the development of new lines of research that provide new evidence for PIVKA-II to be incorporated as a useful biomarker in the management of HCC in the clinical laboratory, as occurs in countries such as Japan, where together with ultrasound and lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3), it is used in the screening of at-risk patients every 6 months51. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.