C19orf12 and Parkinson disease: Variation in the Chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12) gene, located on chromosome 19, has been associated with the mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) subtype of NBIA which presents with cognitive decline progressing to dementia, prominent neuropsychiatric abnormalities, motor neuronopathy, and parkinsonism movement abnormalities37,38.