Variation in the Chromosome 19 open reading frame 12 (C19orf12) gene, located on chromosome 19, has been associated with the mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) subtype of NBIA which presents with cognitive decline progressing to dementia, prominent neuropsychiatric abnormalities, motor neuronopathy, and parkinsonism movement abnormalities37,38. This evidence concerns the gene C19orf12 and Parkinsonism.