Interestingly, although anti-PD-1 alone modestly affected the levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), the combination of anti-PD-1 treatment and VPRBP depletion induced a marked increase in TILs, including CD4+, CD8+/granzyme B+ T cells (Fig. 4g, h). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and neoplasm.