Also, both endothelial dysfunction and inflammation upregulate molecules of selectins (P- and E-), vascular-cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), ICAM-1, and major leukocyte chemoattractants such as KC (in mice) or interleukin-8 (IL-8) (in humans) on endothelial cells, while the activation of leukocytes leads to increased adhesion of these cells to the activated endothelium. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction.